Description: Students will receive an introduction to the course aims, structure and methods of evaluation. World/Global History, a field of historical study that examines history from a global perspective will be discussed. Instructor will divide the class into groups for the Group Presentations and distribute topics for the Diverging Perspectives Assignment. Reading: Syllabus. Assignments/deadlines: none

Lecture: This lecture examines the transformative impact of the Agricultural Revolution on human societies, marking the transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer communities to settled agricultural practices. We will discuss how the domestication of plants and animals around 10,000 years ago led to the development of permanent settlements and the subsequent rise of civilization. Key topics include the spread of agriculture across different regions, the technological innovations that accompanied these changes, and the social and economic shifts that resulted. The session aims to explore how agriculture fundamentally altered the human relationship with the environment and set the stage for the complexities of modern societies. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 1/ch. 3. “The Possibility of Civilization”, pp. 30–40. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This lecture explores the foundational aspects of Mesopotamian civilization, focusing on its contributions to writing, legal codes, and statecraft. We will explore how the invention of cuneiform writing facilitated the administration and expansion of the early city-states and how this innovation influenced communication and record-keeping. The session will also cover the development of the first legal codes, exemplified by Hammurabi's Code, and how these shaped societal norms and governance. Additionally, we will discuss the political structures and conflicts that characterized the region, highlighting their impact on the broader history of state formation. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 2/ch. 2. “Ancient Mesopotamia”, pp. 51–67. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This lecture explores the profound historical and cultural layers of ancient Indian civilization, with a focus on two pivotal aspects: the Indus Valley Civilization and the transformative impact of Buddhism. We will begin by exploring the Indus Valley, one of the world's earliest urban cultures, known for its advanced city planning, architectural innovations, and enigmatic script. The discussion will then transition to the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama—the Buddha—whose spiritual insights laid the foundational principles of Buddhism, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means to alleviate suffering. We will examine how Ashoka, one of the most influential rulers of the Maurya Empire, embraced Buddhism following the Kalinga war, profoundly influencing its spread throughout his vast empire and beyond. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 2/ch. 5. “The Beginnings of Civilization in South Asia”, pp. 112–124 and Book 3/ch. 6. “Classical India”, pp. 300–310. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This lecture explores the extensive history of Ancient Egypt, from the predynastic periods through to the Ptolemaic era. We will examine the development of Egyptian society, including its social, religious, and political structures, and the pivotal role the Nile River played in shaping its civilization. Key aspects such as the construction of the pyramids, the significance of pharaonic leadership, and the intricate art and writing systems, including hieroglyphics, will be highlighted to understand the enduring legacy of Ancient Egypt. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 2/ch. 3. “Ancient Egypt”, pp. 68–87. Buddhism following the Kalinga war, profoundly influencing its spread throughout his vast empire and beyond. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This session explores the development of ancient Chinese civilization with a focus on the central concept of the Mandate of Heaven, a principle that justified the rule of the emperors and established a moral basis for their authority. We will examine the early dynastic periods, particularly the Zhou Dynasty, which introduced this doctrine. The lecture will also cover the significant advancements in agriculture, metallurgy, and societal organization, alongside the creation of the Confucian and Taoist philosophies that shaped Chinese thought and governance. Through an analysis of archaeological evidence and historical records, students will gain insights into how the Mandate of Heaven influenced not only political legitimacy but also the cultural and ethical underpinnings of Chinese society. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 2/ch. 6. “Ancient China”, pp. 125–143. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This lecture focuses on the unique political and cultural landscape of Ancient Greece, particularly examining the rise and function of city-states like Athens and Sparta. We will explore the birth of democracy in Athens, emphasizing how this new form of government influenced both Greek society and later civilizations. Key discussions will include the differences between various forms of governance in Greek city-states, the social and political roles of citizens, and the impact of Greek philosophical thought on political theory. Through this exploration, students will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of ancient Greek political structures and their lasting legacy in the context of world history. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 3/ch. 2. “The Greeks”, pp. 167–200 and Book 3/ch. 3. “The Hellenistic World”, pp. 201–214. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: In this seminar, we will explore the Peloponnesian War, focusing on the interactions and rivalries among city-states that influenced the historical trajectory of Ancient Greece. The assigned reading focuses on the dialogue between Athens and the island of Melos, highlighting the more severe aspects of Athenian policy towards neutral or smaller states. Reading: A. B. Bosworth. The Humanitarian Aspect of the Melian Dialogue. In. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 113 (1993), pp. 30-44. Assignments/deadlines: Diverging Perspectives: Peloponnesian War (Sparta versus Athens); The Mytilenian Debate (Cleon vs. Diodotus about the fate of the Mytilenians); The Peace of Nicias (Pro-War Faction vs. Pro-Peace Faction in Athens) and/or The Oligarchic Coup of 411 BCE (Athenian Democrats vs. Athenian Oligarchs)

Lecture: This lecture explores the grandeur and complexities of the Persian Empire, focusing on its rise to power under the leadership of figures such as Cyrus the Great, Darius I, and Xerxes. We will examine the administrative innovations, the expansive road system, and the use of satraps to govern the empire's vast territories, which stretched from the Indus Valley to the fringes of Greece. Central to our discussion will be the role of the "King of Kings" in Persian society and governance, highlighting how the monarchy symbolized divine and temporal authority. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 3/ch. 3. “The Hellenistic World”, pp. 201–214. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: Group A will present and lead a discussion on “Alexander the Great”’, beginning with a 20-30-minute presentation. Reading: Group A material Assignments/deadlines: 1) Group A presentation. Other students are expected to read at least some of this material (preferably all) and be prepared to discuss the group’s ideas and interpretations from an informed position. 2) By the beginning of class in print and via NEO: Alternative History with AI Assignment (by 11.15 CET, 2 October 2024).

Lecture: This session explores the Roman Republic, focusing on its formative conflicts with Carthage, notably the Punic Wars. We will delve into the origins of these fierce rivalries that defined much of Roman and Carthaginian history, examining key battles, strategic decisions, and the political and economic motivations behind them. The lecture will also cover the rise of significant figures such as Hannibal and Scipio Africanus, whose tactics and leadership profoundly influenced the course of these conflicts. Through an analysis of historical sources and archaeological evidence, students will gain insights into how these wars led to the expansion of Roman power in the Mediterranean and the eventual decline of Carthage. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 3/ch. 4. “Rome”, pp. 215–245. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: This seminar examines the transformation of Rome from a republic to an empire, drawing on Greg Woolf’s chapter “Inventing Empire in Ancient Rome.” Through interactive discussions, we will explore the mechanisms Rome used to establish and maintain its empire, emphasizing how it integrated diverse peoples and managed its vast territories. Participants will engage in an activity that contrasts different archaeological and historical interpretations of Roman expansion, fostering a deeper understanding of the empire's complexity. Reading: Greg Woolf, “Inventing Empire in Ancient Rome,” in Empires: Perspectives from Archeology and History, Susan E. Alcock, Terence N. D’Altroy, Kathleen D. Morrison, and Carla M. Sinopoli, eds., pp. 311-322 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001). Assignments/deadlines: Diverging Perspectives: The Civil War for Rome (Julius Caesar vs. Pompey); The Battle for Rome’s Future (Octavian vs. Mark Antony); The Edict of Milan (Christian Leaders vs. Roman Political Authority); The First Triumvirate (Julius Caesar vs. Pompey vs. Crassus – for trios)

Lecture: This lecture explores the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Empire, an event that profoundly shaped the course of Western civilization. We will examine the complex array of internal and external factors that contributed to the empire’s downfall, including economic troubles, military defeats, and political corruption. Additionally, the lecture will cover the significant impact of Christianity on Roman society and its role during this transitional period. This session aims to provide a nuanced view of how a great empire crumbled and the subsequent emergence of medieval Europe. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 3/ch. 5. “Christianity and the Western Transition”, pp. 246–299. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: In-class movie: Monty Python’s Life of Brian (1979) Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 3/ch. 5. “Christianity and the Western Transition”, pp. 246–299. Assignments/deadlines: None

Lecture: This lecture will explore the Byzantine Empire, focusing particularly on the reign of Emperor Justinian and the enduring legacy of his legal reforms, known as Justinian's Code. We will discuss how these laws not only restructured Byzantine legal administration but also laid foundational principles that influenced modern legal systems. Additionally, the session will examine the cultural, religious, and political facets of Byzantine civilization and its significant role in preserving and transmitting Classical knowledge to the Islamic world and medieval Europe. This lecture also aims to highlight the remarkable contributions of Byzantine governance, culture, and art that have left a lasting imprint on history. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 3. “Byzantium and Its Sphere”, pp. 357–383. Assignments/deadlines: Diverging Perspectives (Loyalty and Suspicion in Byzantine empire: Belisarius vs. Justinian)

Seminar: Group B will present and lead a discussion on “Diseases: Plague, smallpox, malaria, measels and thyphus in history”, beginning with a 20-30-minute presentation. Reading: Group B Material Assignments/deadlines: Group B presentation. Other students are expected to read at least some of this material (preferably all) and be prepared to discuss the group’s ideas and interpretations from an informed position.

Lecture: This session will explore the transformative era following the decline of the Roman Empire, focusing on the rise of the Barbarian kingdoms and the pivotal role of Charlemagne in shaping post-Rome Europe. We will examine the fragmentation of Roman territories into various Germanic kingdoms, each with its unique cultural and political identity, and how these groups laid the foundations for modern European states. The lecture will also delve into Charlemagne's reign, highlighting his efforts to revive learning, consolidate Christian rule, and establish the Carolingian Empire, which played a crucial role in the development of Western Europe. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 3. “Byzantium and Its Sphere”, pp. 357–383. Assignments/deadlines: None.

Seminar: Group C will present and lead a discussion on “The Vikings”, beginning with a 20-30-minute presentation. Reading: Group C Material Assignments/deadlines: Group C presentation. Other students are expected to read at least some of this material (preferably all) and be prepared to discuss the group’s ideas and interpretations from an informed position.

Lecture: This lecture explores the rapid rise of Islam in the 7th century and the subsequent Golden Age of the Abbasid Caliphate. We will begin with the origins of Islam and the life of the Prophet Muhammad, examining how his teachings swiftly transformed the Arabian Peninsula. The session will then focus on the expansion of Islamic rule under the Abbasid Caliphate, which heralded a period of unprecedented cultural, scientific, and intellectual flourishing. Highlighting key achievements in fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and literature, the lecture will illustrate the profound impact of Islamic civilization on the wider world. We will also discuss the administrative and cultural innovations of the Abbasids that facilitated their empire's prosperity and enduring legacy. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 2. “Islam and the Arab empires”, pp. 333–356. Assignments/deadlines: Optional Early Essay Submission: in print and as a Turnitin assignment by the beginning of class.

Seminar: This seminar explores the Islamic caliphates, focusing on their governance, cultural influence, and interactions with non-Muslim communities. Utilizing Christian Sahner's article, "Zoroastrian Law and the Spread of Islam in Iranian Society," we will examine how Islamic rulers integrated or conflicted with existing legal and cultural frameworks, such as Zoroastrianism, in their newly conquered territories. The session will delve into the dynamics of religious and legal adaptations within the caliphates and the broader societal impacts of these changes. Through a combination of lecture and discussion, students will gain a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in the spread of Islam across diverse societies. Reading: Christian Sahner, “Zoroastrian Law and the Spread of Islam in Iranian Society,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (2021), 1-27. Assignments/deadlines: Diverging Perspectives: Interpretations of Islamic Law (Sunni vs. Shia); The Abbasid Revolution (Abbasids vs. Umayyads); The House of Wisdom (Al-Khwarizmi vs. Al-Kindi) and/or The Translation Movement (Hunayn ibn Ishaq vs. Caliph Al-Ma'mun)

Lecture: This session explores the expansive reach and transformative impact of the Mongol Empire, one of history's largest contiguous land empires, which played a pivotal role in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the medieval world. We will explore the strategic military conquests led by Genghis Khan and his successors, which not only extended from East Asia to Europe but also facilitated unprecedented cultural and economic exchanges along the Silk Road. The lecture will also examine the administrative innovations and the tolerant approach of the Mongols towards different religions and cultures within their empire. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 4. “The New Middle East and the Making of Europe”, pp. 384–429. Assignments/deadlines: None.

Seminar: This seminar focuses on medieval China and Japan, examining the broader socio-political and cultural landscapes alongside specific military strategies, such as the role of the 'ninja' in late medieval Japan. We will utilize Polina Serebriakova and Danny Orbach's study, “Irregular Warfare in Late Medieval Japan,” to explore these topics. Discussions will also cover significant cultural and technological shifts, including the introduction of Buddhism in Japan and the spread of printing technology in China. This approach will provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the interconnected developments in these regions during the medieval period. Reading: Polina Serebriakova and Danny Orbach, “Irregular Warfare in Late Medieval Japan: Towards a Historical Understanding of the ‘Ninja’,” The Journal of Military History 84 (October 2020), 997-1020. Assignments/deadlines: Diverging Perspectives: The Introduction of Buddhism in Japan (Buddhist Monks vs. Shinto Priests); Reform Movements of the Song Dynasty (Wang Anshi vs. Sima Guang); The Spread of Printing Technology (Government Officials vs. Private Publishers in Song China)

Lecture: This session explores the life of Marco Polo and the pivotal role he played in documenting the extensive trade networks of the medieval world, specifically focusing on the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade routes. We will explore how Polo's detailed accounts provided Europe with unprecedented insights into the commerce, cultures, and political landscapes of Asia. The lecture will examine the variety of goods traded, from silk and spices to precious stones and metals, and the significant impact of these trade networks on global economic and cultural exchanges. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the interconnectedness of Eurasian civilizations through trade and how these routes facilitated not only the movement of commodities but also ideas and technologies between continents. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 6. “Imperial China”, pp. 437–457. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: Group D will present and lead a discussion on the “Feudalism and daily Life in medieval Europe”, beginning with a 20-30-minute presentation. Reading: Group D material Assignments/deadlines: Group D presentation. Other students are expected to read at least some of this material (preferably all) and be prepared to discuss the group’s ideas and interpretations from an informed position.

Lecture: This session explores the rich histories of the medieval African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, alongside a comparative look at pre-invasion American civilizations. We will explore the sophisticated social, economic, and political structures of these African empires, highlighting their significant contributions to regional and global trade, particularly in gold and salt. The lecture will also examine key figures such as Mansa Musa and the influence of Islam on these kingdoms. Simultaneously, we will explore the distinct civilizations of pre-invasion America, such as the Aztecs and the Incas, focusing on their unique developments in agriculture, architecture, and their complex societal hierarchies. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 8. “Worlds Apart”, pp. 469–481. Assignments/deadlines: None

Seminar: Group E will present and lead a discussion on the “Great Zimbabwe and Trade in Medieval Africa”, beginning with a 20-30-minute presentation. Reading: Group E material Assignments/deadlines: Group E presentation. Other students are expected to read at least some of this material (preferably all) and be prepared to discuss the group’s ideas and interpretations from an informed position.

Lecture: This session explores the complex series of religious and military campaigns known as the Crusades and their lasting legacy on both Europe and the Middle East. We will explore the motivations behind these cross-continental expeditions, including religious fervor, economic gain, and political control, as well as the impact of these campaigns on the relationship between Christian and Muslim worlds. The lecture will also examine the significant social, economic, and political changes in medieval Europe as a consequence of the Crusades, such as the shift in power dynamics, the rise of trade, and the cultural exchanges that reshaped medieval society. Students will gain a nuanced understanding of how the Crusades not only altered the geopolitical landscape of the Mediterranean and the Near East but also set the stage for the Renaissance and the modern age. Reading: Roberts & Westad: Book 4/ch. 9 “Europe: The Possibility of Change”, pp. 482–512. Assignments/deadlines: None

Description: As we review the course, we will revisit key themes, reflecting on how historical events from the discovery of writing to the 14th Century have laid the groundwork for today's globalized world. Reading: none Assignments/deadlines: 1) Essay submission for all students who did not submit early. Students who submitted early and wish to submit a revised version must do so by this deadline, in print and as a Turnitin assignment by the beginning of class (by 15.30 CET, 11 Dec 2024); 2) Additional Diverging Perspectives presentations if needed