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2025 Winter

THE RISE AND DECLINE OF WESTERN HEGEMONY: BRITAIN AND OMAN IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY - IRS329/IRS629 Winter 2025


Course
Gerald Power
For information about registration please contact our admissions.

This course offers an intimate exploration of the dynamics of Western

hegemony in the Arab world through an examination of the interactions between Britain

and the Al Bu Said sultans of Muscat and Oman. The course is primarily conducted

through the study and discussion of original archival sources and its primary aim is to

cultivate the student’s individual talents as a researcher and interpreter of evidence.

In 1798 the sultan of Muscat and Oman and the British state made their first

compact, as part of a broader push by the latter to secure maritime trade in the region

and to protect eastern approaches to India. By 1895 Oman was a British colony in all but

name, the sultans wholly dependent on the continuation of British support. By 1975

Britain had relinquished its regional primacy in the Gulf, and had recast its relationship

with the sultans of Oman from one between patron and client to a ‘special relationship’

between sovereign governments with shared interests. This course examines how this

transformation came about. It does so through the collaborative analysis of a rich corpus

of primary documentation detailing the interactions between Omani sultans and the

British state from the 1920s to the 1970s: a unique window into the ways in which

Western hegemony was established, perpetuated and ended. Along the way these

discussions will address a range of issues both within and outside the sultanate,

including slavery, revolution and counter-insurgency, great power rise and decline,

political-cultural-religious shifts, the impact of oil exploitation and monarchical resilience

in the Arabian Gulf.

Here is the course outline:

1. British Hegemony

An overview of the fundamentals of Britain’s rise to global power in the early nineteenth century, the maintenance of this power at the turn of the twentieth century and its decline as a hegemony in the post-World War II period.

2. Oman: Imperial Power to Client State

Explores the international history and internal dynamics of Oman, including its East African empire centred on Zanzibar, its dual religious and secular power centres and its diverse geographic and ethnic composition.

3. Britain and Oman

The story of Britain’s connection with the sultanate, focusing on the establishment of British suzerainty, the nature of the British relationship with the Al Bu Said sultans and the twin themes of counter-insurgency and withdrawal that characterized British involvement with Oman in the 1960s and 1970s.

4. Exam & Research Topics Discussion

1) 10-11.30: Exam 2) 11.45-13.45: Research Topics Discussion; we will use the Power article to explore the nature of the primary source material.

5. Topic Discussion 1

Each student will make a five-minute presentation on the topic they wish to research. The session is split into three separate mini-sessions, and students will attend according to the group they are in. 10.00-11.00: Group A 11.15-12.15: Group B 12.30-13.30: Group C

6. Topic Discussion 2

Each student will make exploratory examinations of the online primary source material.

7. Seminar 1

Each student will take 10 minutes to present their research into the primary source material relating to their personal research topic. It is expected that at least three individual archival items will be discussed. These discussions are based on the conventions of historical source criticism, concerned with questions of description (i.e. questions of authorship, date, type of source, purpose and information contained) questions of interpretation (i.e. the reliability of the source, whether any ‘hidden’ or unintended insights are revealed in the document, how the source relates to other primary sources on the topic, the implications of the source for developing an interpretation of the topic). Each presentation will be followed by up to 10 minutes of general discussion.

8. Seminar 2: Documents in Relation to Documents

As in previous session: another three individual archival items will be discussed by each student. It is expected that students will show a greater general expertise with the sources and will in particular be able to show how the different documents that they have analysed relate to each other documents (i.e. identifying tensions or harmonies between sources, showing how sources from different dates show the development of the chosen topic through time, revealing continuity and change in how the chosen topic develops).

9. Seminar 3: Documents in Relation to Scholarship

As in previous session: an additional three individual archival items will be discussed. It is expected that students will be able to relate their discussion of their selected documents to at least one work of scholarship on the topic (using either one of the sources listed in Section 3, above, or a work suggested or approved by the instructor). We are interested here in seeing how the selected primary sources either support or undermine an existing interpretation of your chosen topic.

10. Final Presentations

Students will give a final ten-minute presentation of their overall findings (including incorporating fresh evidence and references to secondary sources as required). Powerpoint or other visual aids can be used. A final primary source report will also be submitted as a Dropbox assignment on NEO.

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